GEM (Graphical Environment Manager) was a windowing system created by
Digital
Research, Inc. (DRI) for use with the CP/M operating system on the Intel 8088
and Motorola 68000 microprocessors. Later versions ran over DOS as well. It was
a low-cost alternative to Microsoft Windows that was generally much more
functional until Windows 3.0 was released, at which point GEM essentially
disappeared.
GEM is known primarily as the graphical user interface (GUI) for the Atari ST
series of computers, and somewhat less well known as the operating system for a
series of PC-like computers from Amstrad. It was also the core for a small
number of DOS programs, the most notable being Ventura Publisher.
DRI also
produced FlexGem for their FlexOS realtime operating system.
History
GEM started life at DRI as a more general purpose graphics
library known as GSX (Graphics System eXtension),
written by a team led by Lee Lorenzen who had recently left Xerox PARC
(birthplace of the GUI).
GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for
common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for
handling the actual output (the former was known as GDOS and the latter as GIOS,
a play on the division of CP/M into machine-independent BDOS and
machine-specific BIOS). GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs
(charting, etc.) for any of the platforms CP/M would run on, a task that would
otherwise require considerable effort to port due to the large differences in
graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.
GSX evolved into one part of what would later be known as
GEM. Originally to be known as Crystal as a play on an IBM project called
Glass, the name was changed to Gem. The use of the acronym evolved
later (see backronym).
GSX became the GEM VDI, responsible for basic graphics and drawing. VDI also
added the ability to work with multiple fonts and added a selection of raster
drawing commands to the formerly vector-only drawing set. VDI also added
multiple viewports, a key addition for use with windows. A new module, GEM AES
(Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI
elements, and GEM Desktop ran on both to provide a Mac-like GUI. The 8086
version of the entire system was first demoed at the November 1983 COMDEX, and
shipped in the spring of 1984, now known as GEM/1.
At this point Apple Computer sued DRI in what would turn into a long dispute
over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was in fact an almost direct
copy of the Macintosh. This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several
basic features of the system. While Apple would later go on to sue other
companies for similar issues, they lost all such cases in the future.
The resulting "lawsuit friendly" GEM/2 allowed the display
of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (other programs could do what they
wished however), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for
things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but
also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.
The last commercial release was GEM/3 which had speed
improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales
of GEM ended with GEM/3, the source code was subsequently made available to a
number of DRI leading customers.
GEM/4 included the ability to work with Bezier curves, a feature still not
common outside the PostScript world. The version was produced specifically for
Artline a drawing program from CCP. The system also included changes to the font
management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of Timeworks
Publisher.
Another version of GEM called GEM/5 was produced by GST
for Timeworks Publisher 2.1. It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, font
scaling on the fly was included. It came complete with all the standard 3.1
tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bezier handling
moved taken from GEM 4.
At the same time the GEM Desktop itself was spun off as a product known as
ViewMAX, which was used solely as a file management shell under DR-DOS. In this
form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to the odd situation
where you could have a number of applications (including ViewMAX) all with their
own copy of the GEM system inside of them, all taking up memory. Of course this
was rare, as there were not that many GEM programs. In these forms GEM survived
until DRI was purchased by Novell and all GEM development was cancelled.
Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making
the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with X/GEM based on GEM/1,
but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M based operating systems.
GEM/XM was an updated version of GEM/2 which allowed multitasking and the
ability to run DOS programs in shell windows (as Windows does today). None of
these saw the light of day, but the GEM/XM code is now available in the public
domain.
Lee Lorenzen had left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear
that DRI had no strong interest in applications development. He then formed his
own company with another of the GEM developers, Dan Meyer, and started Ventura
Software. They developed Ventura Publisher, which was later marketed by Xerox
(and eventually to Corel), which would go on to be a very popular desktop
publishing program for some time.
Atari licensed GEM/1 and CP/M 68k under terms that allowed it to continue
development on their own (it appears DRI had no interest there). The resulting
OS was called TOS by Atari, and was the operating system for the Atari ST.
SinceTOS was based on GEM/1 and Atari was never sued
directly they did not have to cripple the interface as DRI did. Development of
GEM at Atari took it along other paths than the PC versions. By the 1990s GEM
included 24-bit color support, configurable window elements, scalable fonts,
preemptive multitasking via a kernel based on UNIX, called MiNT (MiNT is Not TOS),
and a host of other features.
SCO Group have released the source to GEM under the GNU licence and the
development of GEM for PC is continued as OpenGEM and FreeGEM. It also has been
ported to the Atari ST again to be used in the free TOS clone "EmuTOS".
Description
The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:
GEM AES (Application Environment Services)
GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop based file
management)
The GEM VDI was the core graphics system of the
overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of
"draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate
independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from
applications through a fairly simple interface. TVDI also included environment
information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device,
etc.
These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it
was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For
instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the
VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply
changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in
theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly
had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for
loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.
One major advantage the VDI provided over the Macintosh
was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such
information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in
serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive
multitasking, as the drawing layer (QuickDraw) needed to have direct memory
access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the
device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context – each
window for instance. This advantage remained largely theoretical however, as the
multitasking versions of GEM were never officially released.
The GEM AES provided the window system, window
manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). Compared to the Macintosh,
AES provided a rather Spartan look and the system shipped with a single
monospaced font.
The AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in
a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in
applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window,
with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that
window.
The GEM Desktop was an application program that used AES
to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment
that users had come to expect from the Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM
Desktop was based on top of DOS (MS-DOS
or DR DOS+ on the PC, TOS on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was
cluttered with computer-like items including path names and wildcards. In
general GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable
shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own.
GEM started life at DRI as a more general purpose graphics
library known as GSX (Graphics System eXtension),
written by a team led by Lee Lorenzen who had recently left Xerox PARC
(birthplace of the GUI).
The last commercial release was GEM/3 which had speed
improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales
of GEM ended with GEM/3, the source code was subsequently made available to a
number of DRI leading customers.
